An Investigation of Compressed Natural Gas Engine for Nitrogen Oxides Reduction

Abstract

Problem statement: This study describes the use of Reformer Gas (RG) to alter NO_x emission in a CNG-fueled HCCI engine. Comparison with diesel, natural gas has a very high octane number (≈120) and high auto-ignition temperature (≈600°C). Composed mostly of methane, natural gas is the only common fuel to manifest relatively pure, single-stage combustion. Other fuels have stronger low-temperature reaction and the required entropy for main stage combustion can be obtained from the low temperature heat release as a result of compression to moderate pressure and temperature. In deviation, the methane molecule resists destruction by free radicals and produces negligible heat release at low temperature. In consequences, in CNG-fueled HCCI engines the activation energy required for auto-ignition must be obtained by extreme levels of charge heating and compression. This causes inherently to a high rate of heat release. HCCI operation with pure CNG fuel was attained but not really practical due to very high NO_x production. While HCCI operation is usually described as a low NO_x technique, the knocking behavior when running with pure CNG raised the peak combustion temperature to a value well above normal combustion and the critical Zeldovich NO_x production threshold, giving very high indicated NO_x emissions. Approach: One approach to improving these properties is to convert part of the base CNG fuel to Reformer Gas (RG). In this study, modified COMET engine was operated in HCCI mode using a mixture of CNG fuel and simulated RG (75% H₂ and 25% CO) can be produced on-board from CNG using low current and non-thermal plasma boosted fuel converter. Results: This study shows that despite of having various RG mass fractions, λ was the dominant factor in reducing NO_x production and increasing RG mass fraction had only a small effect on increasing NO_x. This disconnect between the overall equivalence ratio and RG fraction shows that the real benefit of the RG blending was to enable lean (high) operation. Higher λ also effectively reduced maximum pressure and maximum pressure rate. Conclusion: Note that due to the low achievable power levels, the NO_x emissions continue to be high and further combustion enhancements and more controlled combustion would be needed to make the CNG-fuelled HCCI engine practical.